Cheikh Anta Diop and the African Origin of Civilization

Cheikh Anta Diop
Cheikh Anta Diop

Cheikh Anta Diop was a great Senegalese historian, anthropologist, philosopher, physicist and politician.  He should be considered as one of the greatest scientists after Darwin, as he demonstrated that Africa was the cradle of humanity; that everything started in Africa, and that Egypt and modern day Africans descended from the same ancestors, in other words, were the same people.  Before Cheikh Anta Diop, the world, and Africans in particular, had been taught that Africa was nothing, and that Egypt and Egyptians were not Africans… that the great Egyptian civilization which gave so much to the world, could not have come from the dark brown Africans.  Europeans refused to admit that although in Africa, Egyptians could be Africans i.e. Black, or rather believed that Blacks were so backwards that their ancestors could not have possibly made the great pyramids of Giza or the great sphinx.  Well Cheikh Anta Diop proved them all wrong!

Cheikh Anta Diop in the laboratory
Cheikh Anta Diop in the laboratory

As a physicist, I was amazed to learn that Cheikh Anta Diop was a PhD student of Frédéric Joliot-Curie, the 1935 physics nobel laureate, and Marie Curie‘s son-in-law (first woman to receive a Nobel in Physics, and first to have two nobel prizes). So Diop’s pedigree, in physics terms, was quite impressive!  Moreover, he had earned two PhDs: one in history and the other in nuclear physics.  He was also the only African student of his generation to have received a training in egyptology. He was well-versed in prehistoric archaeology, and linguistics.  It took him almost a decade to have his doctorate degree granted: he submitted a thesis in 1951 which was based on the premise that the Egypt of the great pharaohs and pyramids was an African civilization– it was rejected.  He then published it in 1955, as Nations Nègres et Culture, and received world-wide acclaim.  Two additional attempts at submitting it were rejected, until 1960 when he finally managed to convince a room full of physicists, sociologists, anthropologists, egyptologists, and historians.  Having gone through the hurdle of submitting and defending a doctoral dissertation, I truly raise my hat to someone like Diop who had so much stamina and endurance, and could endure a decade of rejection like that; he was truly destined for greatness!

'Nations Negres et Culture' de Cheikh Anta Diop
'Nations Negres et Culture' de Cheikh Anta Diop

In 1974, Diop managed to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt, that Egyptians were Black people.  He obtained pigment from Egyptian mummies and tested for their melanin content.  He was able to determine their melanin content accurately, and later published his technique and methodology for the melanin dosage test in scholarly journals.  This technique is used today by Forensic investigators around the world, to determine the “racial identity” of badly burnt accident victims.

He was affectionately known as the Pharaoh of knowledge, and the Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) of Dakar was re-named after him.  Check out CheikhAntaDiop.net a website dedicated to this great man, Wikipedia, Cheikh Anta Diop: The Pharaoh of Knowledge, and Africawithin.com.  Don’t forget to read his books: Nations Nègres et Cultures: de l’Antiquité Nègre Egyptienne aux Problèmes Culturels de l’Afrique Noire d’Aujourd’hui, The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality, Precolonial Black Africa, Civilization or Barbarism: An Authentic Anthropology [Civilisation ou Barbarie: Anthropology sans Complaisance], and many others.

'The African Origin of Civilization' by Cheikh Anta Diop
'The African Origin of Civilization' by Cheikh Anta Diop

Please watch one of the greatest African thinkers of the 20th century, and above all one of Africa’s greatest sons (… and renowned physicist). I salute this great soul who made us proud of being Africans, who re-define history or rather wrote History the way it should have been, with Africa in its right place, as the origin of civilization. If there was an African Pantheon for great minds, Cheikh Anta Diop’s remains should be in it!

Amilcar Cabral – Tell no lies, claim no easy victories

Amilcar Cabral
Amilcar Cabral

January 20th marks the anniversary of the death of Amilcar Cabral, the father of the independence of Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde. As such, I just thought about leaving you with some of his most famous quotes. Enjoy!

A people who free themselves from foreign domination will be free culturally only if, without complexes and without underestimating the importance of positive accretions from the oppressor and other cultures, they return to the upward paths of their own culture, which is nourished by the living reality of its environment, and which negates both harmful influences and any kind of subjection to foreign culture. Thus, it may be seen that if imperialist domination has the vital need to practice cultural oppression, national liberation is necessarily an act of culture.”  Amilcar Cabral, “National Liberation and Culture” Lecture delivered on February 20 at Syracuse University as part of the Eduardo Mondlane Memorial Lecture Series. Eduardo Mondlane was the first President of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) who was assassinated by Portuguese agents on Feb. 3, 1960. historyisaweapon.com

Map of Guinea Bissau
Map of Guinea Bissau

We must practice revolutionary democracy in every aspect of our Party life. Every responsible member must have the courage of his responsibilities, exacting from others a proper respect for his work and properly respecting the work of others. Hide nothing from the masses of our people. Tell no lies. Expose lies whenever they are told. Mask no difficulties, mistakes, failures.  Claim no easy victories…Amilcar Cabral: tell no lies, claim no easy victories

Educate ourselves; educate other people, the population in general, to fight fear and ignorance, to eliminate little by little the subjection to nature and natural forces which our economy has not yet mastered. Convince little by little, in particular the militants of the Party, that we shall end by con­quering the fear of nature, and that man is the strongest force in nature.Amilcar Cabral: Tell no lies, claim no easy victories

Continue reading “Amilcar Cabral – Tell no lies, claim no easy victories”

‘My Name’ by Magoleng wa Selepe

African Savanna
African Savanna

I just thought about what happened to our fathers, mothers, grandmothers, and grandfathers during colonial times: to go to school African children were forced by European missionaries to adopt a christian name such as John, Peter (Jean, Pierre), etc… as opposed to their good old African name Nomzimo, Makeba, Ndoumbe, Keïta, etc.  Thus many Africans who would have just worn the name ‘Ndoumbe Mpondo‘ or ‘Binlin Dadié‘ or ‘Um Nyobé‘ had to adopt a European name such as John + their own name, such that they became: John Ndoumbe Mpondo or Bernard Binlin Dadié or Ruben Um Nyobé.  To this day, the tradition has remained… most Africans would have three or four names: their family name, and their given name, plus the European first name and in some cases a European middle name as well.  The poem below entitled ‘My name‘ by the South African poet Magoleng wa Selepe captures this very well.

My Name

Nomgqibelo Ncamisile Mnqhibisa

Look what they have done to my name……..

the wonderful name of my great-great-grandmother

Nomgqibelo Ncamisile Mnqhibisa

The burly bureaucrat was surprised

What he heard was music to his ears

‘Wat is daai, se nou weer?’

‘I am from Chief Daluxo Velayigodle of emalu podweni

And my name is Nomgqibelo Ncamisile Mnqhibisa.’

Messia, help me !

My name is simple

And yet so meaningful

But to this man it is trash…..

He gives me a name

Convenient enough to answer his whim…..

I end up being

Maria…..

I…………..

Nomgqibelo Ncamisile Mnqhibisa

by Magoleng wa Selepe

Celebrating 100 years of struggle: the African National Congress

ANC flag
ANC flag

Last week, on January 8th 2012, the African National Congress (ANC) celebrated 100 years of existence. I think a trip down history lane is in order.

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After the defeat of Zulu, Xhosa, and other African kingdoms in the late 1800s-1900s in the hands of British colonizers, South Africans had to find a new way to fight off the oppressors. Thus, in 1911, Pixley ka Isaka Seme called on Africans to forget the differences of the past and unite together in one national organisation. He said: We are one people. these divisions, these jealousies, are the cause of all our woes today. That national organization saw light on January 8th 1912, when chiefs, representatives of people’s and church organisations, and other prominent individuals gathered in Bloemfontein and formed the African National Congress. The ANC declared its aim to bring all Africans together as one people to defend their rights and freedoms. Its first elected president was John Dube.

South African miners
South African miners

The 1920s-1930s were marked by actions such as the 1919 campaign against passes by the Transvaal ANC; the militant strike by African mineworkers in 1920; and the social organization of Black workers…  The ANC went through several stages, first, as a church-based lobbying force, a non-violent nationalist movement, and then, as part of an alliance with Indians, Coloureds, and progressive Whites, including Afrikaners and Communists.

The Sharpeville massacre on 21 March 1960 where a group of 5000-7000 marched to protest against passes and were shot on by police forces showed the international community how ruthless the apartheid system was.  Karen Allen of BBC news recalled the massacre with this chilling description: “Thousands of protesters had gathered in Sharpeville, just south of Johannesburg, to protest at the use of the infamous passbooks, or “dompas”, that every black South African was expected to carry and produce on demand. It governed a person’s movement, was a tool of harassment and was one of the most hated symbols of the apartheid state. Sixty-nine men, women and children were gunned down on that day, killed when police officers opened fire on the crowd. The police station – where they had gathered – is now a memorial to the dead.

Nelson Mandela ca 1955
Nelson Mandela ca 1955

In 1961, the ANC took up arms against the South African White government. It morphed into a violent struggle of resistance and armed combat with Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) or Spear of the Nation, when the doors to non-violent change were brutally shut by white nationalists who built on British colonial racism to impose apartheid, a practice of physically relocating communities, regulating labour with passes and violent repression. During those years, not only did MK tried to make the country ungovernable to no avail (as they were no match to the repressive white supremacist government of South Africa), but many of its leaders were arrested like Nelson Mandela, Govan Mbeki, and Walter Sisulu, while others like Oliver Tambo and Joe Slovo went into exile.

Continue reading “Celebrating 100 years of struggle: the African National Congress”

Les Petits Métiers: la Vannerie / Small Trades: Basketry

La Vannerie
La Vannerie

Quand j’étais en classe de 4ème, mes parents m’ont envoyé passé l’été dans un camp de vacances au coeur de la forêt équatoriale.  La vannerie faisait partie du programme de classes instaurées par le camp, en plus de la sculpture du bois (ce sera un article pour un autre jour), la fanfare, la peinture, etc.  Ce qui me fascinait dans l’art de vanner c’était la vitesse avec laquelle l’instructeur pouvait faire des paniers, des chaises robustes, des chapeaux, etc. C’est comme si le raffia glissait sur ses doigts.  Les outils étaient très simples et rudimentaires: un couteau, et le raffia, le rotin, ou des feuilles de palmiers.  Les premiers jours n’avaient pas été facile, car tout semblait difficile: l’art de manier le raffia ou le palmier sans se blesser, et le couteau de vannerie sans maladresse… et je semblais prendre une éternité pour faire un panier.  La vannerie, c’est tout un art: c’est l’art de tresser les fibres végétales et de fabriquer des objets essentiels qui seront utilisés à la cuisine (paniers), au salon (chaises), dans la garde-robe (chapeaux, sacs), et pour la décoration.  Amusez-vous à regarder un vannier à l’oeuvre au Cameroun.

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African basket
African basket

When I was in middle school, my parents sent me to a camp in the heart of the equatorial forest for the summer.  Basketry was part of the curriculum, as well as wood sculpting (the subject of another post), orchestra, painting, etc. What used to fascinate me was the art, and speed with which the instructor used to weave a basket, make robust chair, and hats. It was as if the raffia was flowing through his hands. The tools used to weave were very simple and rudimentary: a hat, and raffia, rattan, or palm tree leaves. The first days were quite tough since everything seemed super-difficult: the art of weaving raffia or palm tree leaves without hurting myself, and the knife without clumsiness… and it seemed to take me an eternity to make a basket. Basketry is an art: it is the art of weaving fibers to make essential objects that will be used in the kitchen (baskets), the living room (chairs), the wardrobe (hats, bags), and for decoration. Enjoy this video of a basket-maker in action, in Cameroon.

Compère Lièvre et Compère Singe

Compère Singe
Compère Singe

Il était une fois deux grands amis, Compère singe et Compère lièvre, le roi de la ruse.  Un jour, ils étaient allés chasser ensemble.  Mais, avant de partir, compère lièvre avait bourré ses joues de sel, prévoyant de jouer un vilain tour à son compagnon.  Le vent, très violent, apporte tout à coup des débris de feuilles mortes mêlées de poussière dans les yeux de linge, l’aveuglant complètement :  Frère, dit-il à son ami sur un ton suppliant, je n’y vois plus goutte.  Je t’en prie !  Souffle-moi dans les yeux pour m’enlever ces poussières qui me font souffrir.

Compère lièvre sourit car c’est bien ce qu’il a prévu.  Il s’approche de son compagnon et souffle dans les yeux de celui-ci tout le sel qu’il conservait dans ses joues.

Le pauvre singe pousse un hurlement de douleur tandis que les larmes ruissellement sur son visage.  Il comprend alors que son ancien ami veut sa mort et s’enfuit en se heurtant contre tous les obstacles qu’il rencontre sans pouvoir les apercevoir.

Seigneur lion, entendant les cris de douleur de l’infortuné, accourt, arrête le malheureux singe aveugle et l’interroge.  Singe lui raconte alors son aventure et lui explique de quelle manière compère lièvre a voulu le tuer pour le dévorer.

Compère Lièvre
Compère Lièvre

Seigneur lion, pris de pitié, accepte de souffler sur les yeux de singe pour le débarrasser des débris de feuilles, des poussières et du sel qui le font si fort souffrir.  Mais lorsqu’il commence à souffler, un peu de sel vole jusqu’au visage du roi des animaux qui, rendu furieux par la souffrance, d’un coup de dent, arrache un œil de singe et l’avale.

Singe, hurlant de douleur, prend aussitôt la fuite.  Seigneur lion se lance à sa poursuite.  Mais les frères de singe viennent au secours du pauvre borgne et le font grimper tout en haut d’un arbre.  Là-haut, une fois en sécurité, singe remercie ses frères et leur raconte ses malheurs.  Chacun des singes décide de l’aider.  L’un après l’autre, ils rétrécissent leurs yeux et en prélèvent un petit morceau.  Puis avec ce que tous ont sacrifié, ils fabriquent un œil tout neuf pour leur frère.

C’est pourquoi, vous le remarquerez facilement, maintenant, les singes ont de petits yeux bien enfoncés dans le crâne.

Conte tiré de “Contes des Lagunes et Savanes,” Collection ‘Fleuve et Flamme,’ édition Edicef, 1975

Happy 2012!

Fireworks
Fireworks

My fellow friends, may 2012 be the year of all achievements, and of all greatness! I would like to thank all those who visited my blog and future visitors.  I wish you all wonders without borders… I wish you all peace and serenity for the year 2012! To all those who witnessed the events in Côte d’Ivoire and Libya, to all those who were speechless and bewildered, to all those who felt powerless in 2011, keep your heads up… and keep on fighting. Like Agostinho Neto used to say: a luta continua… a vitória é certa!