Why the Name : Agadez ?

The country of Niger

Today, we are going to talk about the city of Agadez, which is one of Niger’s most historic and culturally important cities. Agadez is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a Tuareg stronghold, and the traditional “gateway to the Sahara.” It is famous for its mud‑brick architecture, its ancient role in the trans‑Saharan trade, and its striking desert landscapes. It is the fifth largest city of the country.

The Grand Mosque of Agadez in Niger (Source: Wikipedia)

Located deep in the Sahara Desert, it serves as the capital of the Agadez Region and the historic Aïr Tuareg federation. Its historic city center, the Old City, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, since 2013 because of its narrow alleys, traditional Tuareg houses, and centuries-old urban design showcasing the great architectural continuity and cultural significance. Another landmark of the city is the Grand Mosque of Agadez. Built in 1515, the Grand Mosque of Agadez, is a masterpiece of Sudano-Sahelian architecture entirely made of earth and wood, and is one of the most iconic structures in the Sahel with its tall mud-brick minaret. It was a landmark for caravans crossing the Sahara.

A picture of Agadez and its city center (Source: NigerTravelandTours.com)

The name Agadez is said to come from egadaz which means “to visit someone” in Tamashek, a Berber language from the Tuareg people of the region. It used to be the crossroad of caravans that linked North Africa to Subsaharan Africa and huge commercial center. It was founded by Tuareg tribes (Ifadalan, Massoufa, …) in the 11th century before becoming an important crossroad for major trans-Saharan roads in the 16th century. With its strategic position, it is a key stop for caravans moving salt from Bilma in Niger, gold from West Africa, textiles and goods from North Africa. The Sultanate of Agadez became a Tuareg sultanate in 1449, and was conquered by the Songhai Empire in 1515 before later regaining its autonomy. It became the most important city of the Tuareg people, to the point of becoming the capital of the Tuareg rebellions in the 1990s and 2007.

Title page of Leo Africanus’ 1600 English edition of his book Description of Africa

Modern Agadez is home to the University of Agadez and an international airport. It continues to be a Tuareg cultural center known for its skilled craftsmanship, silver jewelry, leatherwork, music and festivals. While in the past, it was a trade hub, today it is still a hub, but for modern migration routes. It is also located on the road to the uranium mines of Arlit, and the gold mines Akokan and Tabelot.

In his book Description of Africa (published in Italian as Della descrittione dell’Africa et delle cose notabili che ivi sono, per Giovan Lioni Africano in 1550), Leo Africanus described Agadez as a “city surrounded by murrals“, with “houses well built“, and “sumptuous palace.” Agadez kept the vestiges of its murrals up until the 1960s.

To learn more, check out Around the world in 80 clicks or this Al Jazeera article or NigerHeritage. Enjoy! If you ever get the chance to visit Agadez, remember that it sits on an ancient crossroad trade hub in the middle of one of the world’s largest desert, and imagine yourself as part of those commercial caravans of old.

Discovery of a New Species of Dinosaur in Niger : Spinosaurus Mirabilis

Map of Niger

In the Sahara desert, in the country of Niger, near the city of Tesker, a team of scientists has discovered a new species of dinosaur which lived in the area 95 million years ago. The new species, named Spinosaurus mirabilis, measures 12 m long, has a long snout adapted for catching fish, and features a spectacular curved crest on its head which is the largest ever found on a predatory dinosaur.

The expedition has been led by American paleontologist Paul Sereno from the University of Chicago who explains that the crest was likely ornamental, similar to features seen in some modern birds, rather than a weapon; this could later be found not to be the case, as we, humans, often interpret some ancient findings through our modern eyes. The dinosaur also had interlocking teeth, ideal for gripping slippery fish, showing its adaptation to life near water. This rare finding was cause for great joy within the team. Using modern tools including solar-powered laptops, members of the team were able to digitally assemble the images of the bones right in the middle of the Sahara.

Paleontologist Paul Sereno with a skull cast of the Spinosaurus mirabilis.
Credit: Keith Ladzinski / Fossil Lab, University of Chicago / AFP/Getty

The team will be returning to Niger for further work. Sereno and his team are helping to establish a Heritage Center at the University of Niamey and planning 2 museums, one in the capital and the other in Agadez to showcase the country’s rich paleontological history.

This discovery sheds a light on the fact that the Niger’s desert is a major dinosaur fossil site, with many more discoveries to be made. There is a great need to train Nigerien and African archaeologists, paleontologists, and museum specialists as the field is overall a virgin field in Africa. Africans need to learn, so that they can tell their own history!

Check out Sci News, Discover Magazine, UChicago News, as well as the interview in RFI for more.

 

African Joke : How Many Goats?

Une Chèvre / A Goat

A teacher in Tanzania asks his class:

If you had 10 goats and a hyena came and ate 4, how many goats would you have left?

One student raises his hand confidently: “None

The teacher frowns almost angry, “None? but 10 minus 4 is 6.”

The student shakes his head :

Sir, if a hyena comes for my goats, I am running away; I am not staying to count anything!

 

Voyager avec un enfant / Traveling with a Child

Le rire d’un enfant / A child’s laughter

Qui voyage avec un enfant ne souffre pas de faim (Proverbe Schambala – Tanzanie).

He who travels with a child does not go hungry (Shambaa proverb – Tanzania).

The UN Recognizes the Transatlantic Slave Trade as the Gravest Crime against Humanity

Slaves on board a ship

On Wednesday, the United Nations passed a resolution recognizing the transatlantic slave trade as “the gravest crime against  humanity.” The resolution was started by Ghana’s president John Mahama who rallied the world to ratify a landmark vote against the transatlantic slave trade. The decision has been welcomed throughout Africa. It is believed that over 15 million people were deported from the continent, moved across the globe and enslaved in totally inhumane conditions for over 4 centuries. Some question the numbers: how could the transatlantic slave trade show numbers like 15 millions over 4 centuries when we all know that a ship carried about 250 to 400 people, and that at the height of the trade, 30,000 people per year were taken from Elmina castle alone (Reclaiming African History: Elmina Castle – West Africa’s Oldest Slave Fort), that’s 3 million people in one century from Elmina alone; now do the math, and add all the other slave forts across Africa! … you would agree that the math is not math-ing.  And to think that it took so long to be recognized! Now that it is recognized, what does this mean? Is it just an empty “we recognize the wrong we did to you…” and nothing else?

Slave capture

By the way, guess which countries voted against the resolution? Argentina, Israel, and the USA. Guess who abstained? Most European countries!

Excerpts below are from the Guardian.

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… On Wednesday, less than two years after completing a remarkable comeback as Ghana’s president…, [John Mahama] rallied the world to ratify a landmark vote against transatlantic chattel slavery, despite major opposition from the same western entities that drove it for centuries.

The resolution to declare the practice as “the gravest crime against humanity” passed with a decisive majority at the UN general assembly and has been largely welcomed across Africa. Yet the details of the tally reveal a world still deeply divided on the gravity of the sin of enslaving more than 15 million people as chattel over the course of 400 years.

Inner courtyard at Elmina Castle (Source: Ghana.nl)

Thus, the 123 states who voted for it were just as noteworthy as those that did not. Most of the assembly was in support including Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, most of Latin America, all former victims, as well as the Arab world, who themselves have the dark history of trans-Saharan slavery under their belt. Russia called it a “long overdue recognition”.

Perhaps because of their history of subjugation of Indigenous people and perpetuation of chattel slavery, the western bloc of Australia, Canada, the UK and the EU states all abstained in the vote, electing to postpone their day of atonement.

The three states to publicly vote against the resolution were Argentina, where two-thirds of the value of all imports arriving at the port of Buenos Aires between 1580 and 1640 were enslaved Africans; Israel and the US, where 11 states seceded rather than obey the Emancipation Proclamation freeing enslaved Africans.

How Puppet Regimes are Built : 3 Consequences

Statue of Behanzin in Abomey, Benin
Statue of Behanzin in Abomey, Benin

Today, we will continue our discussion on “How Puppet Regimes are Built.” We will focus on African regimes, particularly those installed in Francophone Africa, regimes inherited from the colonial era. We all remember how King Behanzin, Prempeh ISamori Toure, and countless others were replaced by docile and easy to manipulate puppets serving France. This is still ongoing, and can explain those ridiculous laws or rules, or even election numbers made by these horrible puppets today: Sassou Nguesso, Paul Biya, Alassane Ouattara, to name just a few. Given that their authorities are not based on the sacred laws of the countries, but are rather backed by foreign powers and their guns, they do not fear to strangle their people for decades. A century later, the modus operandi of the puppets installed yesterday during slavery times and today during ‘independence’ has not changed

“Quand l’Africain était l’or noir de l’Europe” de Bwemba Bong

Below are the consequences of building puppet regimes, as detailed by Pr. Bwemba Bong in his book “Quand l’Africain était l’or noir de l’Europe. L’Afrique: Actrice ou Victime de la Traite des Noirs? – Démontage des mensonges et de la falsification de l’histoire de l’hydre des razzias négrières transatlantiques” (When the African was the black gold of Europe. Africa: Actress or Victim of the Slave Trade ? – Dismantling the lies and falsification of the hydra history of the transatlantic Slave Raids),” MedouNeter 2022, p. 170 (translated to English by Dr. Y, Afrolegends.com). In his section titled “The transformation of the administrators of the so-called French-speaking colonial Black Africa into anti-African, ethnic ogres and terrorists”, he explains so well :

… The slave-trading origins of the power held by “African political leaders” have entailed three notable consequences:

    1. It has undermined the sacred foundations of authority in Black Africa, for that authority “ceases to derive its legitimacy from a reference to ancient sacred procedures. It no longer appears to have received its sole consecration from the Ancestors, from divinities, or from the ritual forces associated with every manifestation of authority. This phenomenon is further accentuated by the fact that missionary activity creates a religious diversity that fractures the spiritual unity of which the sovereign or the chiefs serve as symbols. At the same time, it contributes to a secularization of authority,” writes Georges Balandier [in Le contexte sociologique de la vie politique en Afrique noire, dans Revue française de science politique, 1959, p.604-605].
    2. Traditional checks and balances have been destroyed: the Council of Elders, in particular, vanished due to the control exerted by European slave traders. Consequently, punishable abuses—even those that were effectively sanctioned—were no longer, and are no longer, curbed in accordance with the interests of the group. Georges Balandier characterizes this phenomenon as a “rupture of traditional systems for limiting power,” a rupture he describes in these terms: “sovereigns wield a more arbitrary power, albeit one that is more circumscribed, and the consolidation of power matters more than the acquiescence of the governed. The latter, conversely, may attempt to appeal to the foreign administration in order to oppose certain decisions made by traditional authorities. On both sides, the relationship is distorted, and mutual obligations no longer appear clearly defined.”
    3. By the grace of the occupying power, delinquent slave-broker intermediaries [western puppets in Africa] had become, and remain to this day, the replacements for legitimate traditional authorities. This status, bolstered by the perverted prerogatives inherited from their European creators, enabled them then, as it does now, to assume the responsibilities of tax collectors, census takers, administrators, and the like. It also empowered these “chiefs” to requisition populations for forced labor, the construction of bridges and roads, and other such tasks. The overwhelming majority of these “chiefs” were remunerated by the slave system in their capacity as public agents.

Standing in Solidarity with our Cuban Brothers and Sisters

Flag of Cuba

Our hearts go out to our Cuban brothers and sisters who are currently getting strangled alive! Yes… alive! Through no fault of their own, except standing for their freedom. Cuba has been struggling, facing embargo for over 64 years (the US imposed embargo on Cuba on February 3, 1962), and now, since January 3rd when the US kidnapped the Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro and his wife (Pirates of the Caribbeans in Venezuela, or the Renewed Face of the Far West), Cuba has been denied any oil imports. Until then, Venezuela had been providing 50 % of all of Cuba’s oil. Since then, all other countries, like Mexico, which were providing oil to Cuba have stopped after getting threatened by American president Donald Trump with tariffs. On Monday, the power grid collapsed, and on Wednesday power was partially restored to the island of 11 millions. Faced with years of embargo, Cuba’s power grid is aging and now with the recent oil blocade, it is falling apart. Highways are deserted, hospitals suffer, doctors operate with candle lights, and mothers give birth in darkness.

Whatever happens, Cuba is a beacon to the ‘small’ people of the world, and we stand with them. Cubans with Fidel Castro (Fidel Castro: Ideas cannot be Killed!) have shown us that the size of a country or its people does not matter when fighting for freedom and principles. Cuba is a small country, but its actions, its help, has been immense to Africa for the past 50 years. Even to this day, doctors across Africa have been trained in Cuba, and Cuban doctors have vastly supported the health-care services of many countries including Ghana. We stand with them!

Excerpts below are from Al Jazeera.

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Fuel

Cuba has reconnected its power grid and brought online its largest oil-fired power plant, energy officials said, putting an end to a nationwide blackout that lasted more than 29 hours amid a United States move to choke off the island’s fuel supply.

After the country’s 10 million people had been plunged into darkness overnight, the Caribbean island’s national power grid had fully come back online by 6:11pm (22:11 GMT) on Tuesday. However, officials said power shortages may continue because not enough electricity is being generated.

In addition to cutting off oil sales to Cuba, US President Donald Trump has escalated his rhetoric against the Communist-run island, saying on Monday he could do anything he wanted with the country.

A US State Department official blamed the Cuban government for the grid collapse, calling blackouts a “symptom of the failing regime’s incompetence”.

Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel fired back at Washington, criticising its “almost daily public threats against Cuba”.

They intend to and announce plans to take over the country, its resources, its properties, and even the very economy they seek to suffocate in order to force us to surrender,” Diaz-Canel wrote on social media on Tuesday night, shortly after power returned nationwide.

Cuba has yet to say what caused Monday’s nationwide grid failure, the first such collapse since the US cut off the island’s oil supply from Venezuela and threatened to slap tariffs on countries that ship fuel to the nation.

By midday on Tuesday, grid workers successfully fired up the Antonio Guiteras power plant, a decades-old behemoth that underpins the country’s power grid.

Avant le mariage / Before Marriage

Leopard

Un léopard rentre ses griffes en territoire étranger (Proverbe Douala – Cameroun) . – Avant le marriage on essaie de cacher ses défauts.

A leopard retracts its claws in foreign territory (Douala proverb – Cameroon) . – Before marriage, people try to hide their flaws.

France Returns Ancestral Drum to Côte d’Ivoire

Tchaman (Atchan) Kings and dignitaries in front of the Djidji Ajokwe talking drum (Source: Afrikmonde.com)

On this day, France has returned a sacred drum looted from Côte d’Ivoire after 110 years. It was taken from the Tchaman (Atchan, Ebriés) people by the French people. The sacred, talking drum, is known as the Djidji Ayôkwé and was exposed at the Musée du Quai Branly. The drum is 4 m (13 ft) long and 430 kg (948 lbs) heavy. This is the first object returned by France to Côte d’Ivoire, the first of 148 artifacts.

Excerpts below are from Africanews.

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Tchaman (Ebrié) King, Nandjui Abrogoua and his court (1848 – 1938) – Foreground : “DJIDJI AYOKWE” the sacred talking drum of the Tchamans (Ebriés) of Goto Bidjan. (Source: Photo/IT / TheAfricanDream.net)

France returned a sacred drum that was taken from the Ivory Coast during colonial rule at a ceremony in Abidjan on Friday, marking the first official restitution of a cultural artefact from France to the West African country.

The Djidji Ayôkwé, described as the “talking drum,” is a massive carved wooden drum once used by the Atchan people of the Abidjan region to communicate between villages. It landed in the economic capital early Friday morning.

… It is expected to go on display in April at the newly renovated Museum of Civilizations in Abidjan.

Your return is a message for our young people who have decided to take ownership of their history, for the communities that are rediscovering their Djidji Ayôkwé, a symbol of social cohesion, peace and dialogue,” Ivory Coast’s culture minister, Françoise Remarck, said during the ceremony.

Seized by French colonial authorities in 1916, the Djidji Ayôkwé had been among 148 objects formally requested by the Ivory Coast from France in 2018.

This drum has been gone for centuries, so today, as a young man, I am overjoyed to receive it and to see it,” said Serge Akmel, who came to watch the arrival.

When this drum was taken, it was difficult for us; they took something heavy from us. Today, we received the drum.”

March 8 : International Women’s Day – Central African Women Celebrate with a Rowing Competition

Women in a rowing competition on the shores of the Ubangi River in Bangui (Source: Africanews)

For the International Women’s Day (IWD) this year, the women of the Central African Republic (CAR) decided to have a rowing competition in the capital Bangui, as opposed to the usual parade. I thought the idea sweet, and wanted to share. The competition took place on March 8, 2026, on the shores of the Ubangi River in Bangui. The ladies of Bangui came out in droves and participated in a 100% rowing feminine competition. In our countries, rowing competitions are usually male, rarely do we have a female competition; this might be a first! Imagine the togetherness spirit these women showed, the courage, and the fun! And the men came out to cheer the women in the race; there were thousands of spectators. This is an inspiration to other women in the country, on the continent, and around the globe, how about making IWD an action day?

Excerpts below are from Africanews.

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Women celebrating IWD by rowing in a 100% female competition in Bangui (Source: Africanews)

The women of Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, responded enthusiastically to the call from the organizers of the all-female canoe race on the Ubangi River.

In a frenzied atmosphere, the women flexed their muscles, paddling in long canoes. This year in Bangui, they wanted to celebrate International Women’s Day in a different way. Along the riverbank, a roaring crowd cheered the arrival of the winners.

You know, it’s usually our husbands who do the races, but for this day, we thought, why not us! We are just as capable as our husbands, and we are proud of it. I am very happy that my village, Bokassi 1, was able to take first place in this race,” declared Jupsie Mameleyabi, captain of the Bokassi women’s team.

… “I am very proud to have participated in this race. I witnessed the bravery of Central African women and girls; they were courageous, committed, and determined, and that is what March 8th is all about. March 8th is about celebrating women’s victories and their commitment, and they demonstrated that this afternoon. So, congratulations to the Central African Republic for winning, and congratulations to the women and girls of the Central African Republic. Rights, justice, and action for all the women and girls of the Central African Republic,” explains Rachel Miam Diagone, UN Women Resident Representative in the Central African Republic.