Cosmic Africa: Africans and Astronomy

Cosmic Africa
Cosmic Africa

Dear all,

As a physicist, I could not pass on the opportunity to talk about the fellow South African astrophysicist Thebe Medupe ‘s work on Cosmic Africa. Cosmic Africa is a project/documentary about astronomy in African cultures, exploring astronomy among two of the oldest African tribes: the Namib (or Bushmen or San) of Namibia, and the Dogon people of Mali.  I heard this documentary one evening on PRI.  It felt so great hearing an elder from the Dogon tribe talking about their use of the moon, stars, etc, for their harvest.  People still study the sky and the stars to guide them during the hunting season; astronomy is an integral part of their daily lives, dances, and ceremonies.  This knowledge of the sky was passed on from generation to generations for the past 500 years.

Thebe Medupe
Thebe Medupe

The Dogon people knew certain celestial bodies that were just discovered/identified properly by Western science in the 50s and 60s.  They used the stars in spirituality and devised a divination system as discussed in the movie.  One of their great treasures is the knowledge of the star Sirius which Dogon elders confided about its existence to French anthropologists in the 1940s.  The Dogon elders said that Sirius had a companion star that was invisible to the human eye.

Dogon village
Dogon village

“They also stated that the star moved in a 50-year elliptical orbit around Sirius, that it was small and incredibly heavy, and that it rotated on its axis.  All these things happen to be true.  What makes this so remarkable is that the companion star of Sirius, called Sirius B, was first photographed in 1970.  While people began to suspect its existence around 1844, it was not seen through a telescope until 1862 — and even then its great density was not known or understood until the early decades of the twentieth century.  The Dogon beliefs, on the other hand, were supposedly thousands of years old.”  To read the full account, check out: The Sirius Mystery and the The Dogon Website.

San (Basarwa/Bushmen) hunters
San (Basarwa/Bushmen) hunters

The Bushmen of Namibia are the oldest people in Africa, as well as in the world.  They have lived in the Southern area of Africa for the past 20,000 years, and their celestial stories are just as old.  In the documentary, I love the way their celestial stories, and their story of creation was centered around the lion. Isn’t it interesting?  The lion, which is the king of the jungle,…purely African! I simply loved it.  The sky is interpreted in African terms: giraffes, lions, and zebras are seen among the stars where other people see bears and horses.  From the documentary, one sees that the Namib (Bushmen or San) healers welcome the bright evening star, the planet Venus, with a special dance….  The elders observe the shadows cast by the Sun and still count the days by the phases of the Moon, orient themselves, decide when to hunt, harvest, etc… with the sky.  They call the Milky Way the Spine of the Night and observe its three different positions during the night: it tells them about time and the changing seasons. Read more about the Khoisan people of Botswana and their fight for survival amidst government/Corporation’s menace.

To learn more check out the books: Sacred Symbols of the Dogon and The Sirius Mystery. Also check out the Foster brothers’ website (the producers): Sense Africa.

L’Araignée imite son Ami

Kakou Ananze
Kakou Ananze

Il était une fois dans un village deux amis si intimes qu’ils ne se quittaient jamais. A les voir toujours ensemble, on les aurait pris pour des frères jumeaux. L’un était Kakou Ananze, l’araignée, l’autre Gayagui. Chacun d’eux avait une épouse et quatre enfants.

Un jour, une terrible famine s’abat sur le pays. Les deux amis se lamentaient en cherchant nuit et jour un peu de nourriture. Mais bientôt il n’y a plus ni racine, ni tubercule, ni graine à cueillir dans la forêt. Pour ne pas mourir faim, Kakou Ananze et Gayagui décident de se séparer pour tenter de survivre, en quittant le pays pour en chercher un autre moins infortuné.

Village Africain - Parc de Waza (Cameroun)
Village Africain - Parc de Waza (Cameroun)

Gayagui s’en va vers le nord-ouest, emmenant avec lui tous les siens. Chaque fois qu’au cours de son long voyage, il découvre un peu de nourriture, il en fait deux parts. Il partage la première avec son épouse et ses enfants. L’autre il la garde en réserve. Et ils poursuivent leur route. Enfin, ils arrivent dans un village lointain qui semble très prospère. Il demande au chef l’autorisation de s’y installer avec sa famille le chef, pris de pitié, accepte et lui donne un champ à cultiver. Gayagui se met aussitôt au travail. Mais sa femme, épuisée, meurt. Les villageois s’émeuvent devant ce malheur imprévu qui frappe un homme et des enfants si travailleurs et si gentils. Ils aident Gayagui à enterrer son épouse convenablement puis font une collecte dans toute la région pour lui venir en aide. Chacun donne ce qu’il peut: une poule, un mouton, une daba, des calebasses, des semences, de la nourriture etc. Ainsi Gayagui, grâce à leur aide, devient presque riche et peut mener avec ses enfants une vie convenable.

Pendant ce temps, Kakou Ananze s’était mis en marche vers le nord-est, suivi par son épouse et ses enfants. Lorsque Araignée trouvait quelque chose à manger, il le gardait pour lui et le dévorait aussitôt, tandis que le reste de sa famille survivait à grand-peine.

Champs Africains
Champs Africains

Un jour, sur le chemin, ils rencontrent un groupe de villageois qui venaient de la région ou s’était installé Gayagui …Et ceux-ci leur apprennent ce qui est arrivé et comment Gayagui a trouvé la fortune. Cette histoire donne à réfléchir à Kakou Ananzè. Lorsque, après bien des jours de marche il parvient avec les siens dans un gros bourg qui parait riche et heureux, Araignée tue sa femme et se met à se lamenter très fort pour éveiller la pitié des habitants: Quel malheur ! Oh ! Quel malheur !que vais-je devenir ! Mes pauvres enfants ont perdu leur tendre mère et moi, une bonne épouse qui m’aidait tant dans mon travail. Nous sommes trop pauvre pour lui faire des funérailles convenables. Quel malheur ! Quel malheur !

Les gens s’approchent pour venir à son venir à son secours Mais ils voient que Madame Araignée a été tuée d’un coup de coupe-coupe, que les enfants sont tout maigres et tout faibles alors que Kakou Ananzè a une mine florissante. Alors ils se méfient, prennent avec eux les enfants pour les nourrir mais laissent Araignée sans lui venir  en aide. Celui-ci doit emprunter de l’argent pour la cérémonie des obsèques. Et quand tout est fini, comme il ne peut rien rembourser, il doit se faire engager comme domestique chez de riches fermiers. Comme il est paresseux et égoïste, ses nouveau maîtres ne l’aiment pas et lui donnent plus de coups de bâton que de bonne nourriture. Araignée est bien puni ! C’EST Pourquoi le soir à la veille, il dit toujours à ses enfants: Ecoutez bien votre vieux papa ! N’imitez jamais les autres ! Car ce qui à bien réussi pour eux, peut avoir pour vous une funeste conséquence.

Conte tiré de “Contes des Lagunes et Savanes,” Collection ‘Fleuve et Flamme,’ édition Edicef, 1975.

Nasser: the Upholder of Egyptian, African, and Arab Rights

Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser

With this week’s event in Egypt, I thought that a trip down memory lane would be more than appropriate! One of the greatest political figures of modern Arab history and third world politics is the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser was a pure political genius, and had great love and vision for his country, the Arab world, and developing countries in general. He was a strong player in the battle against imperialism in Africa, and in the Arab world. It was in Egypt that Um Nyobe and the UPC sought refuge to keep on working on Cameroon’s independence (this will be a story for another day).

Map of Egypt
Map of Egypt

He was the first to negotiate the ownership/nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptians themselves. At its construction, as in most African countries, it belonged to the British since Egypt had been a British colony. He led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and started a new period of modernization and socialist reforms. He was determined to wean Egypt of its dependency on Western Economies. He was one of the few leaders in the world to declare his neutrality in the Cold War, which was considered very ‘gutsy‘. He moved Egypt toward a socialist economic system and instituted huge land, education and health reforms. As president, he was determined to modernize and improve Egyptians’ standard of living.

Nasser
Nasser

After the humiliating Egyptian defeat during the Six-Day war against Israel, Nasser took responsibility for the debacle and resigned from the presidency (but thousands took to the street to demand that he returns to power). In his resignation speech he said: “I have taken a decision with which I need your help. I have decided to withdraw totally and for good from any official post or political role, and to return to the ranks of the masses, performing my duty in their midst, like any other citizen. This is a time for action, not grief…. My whole heart is with you, and let your hearts be with me. May God be with us—hope, light and guidance in our hearts.” You can read the entire speech on Al-Ahram Weekly. He died a couple of years later from a heart attack… many believe that the Six-day war defeat was a precursor.  More than 5 million people attended his funeral. Nasser always wanted the best for his people!

Flag of Egypt
Flag of Egypt

I wish more presidents, like Hosni Moubarak, in Africa could have the guts to resign from power, and could love their people so much as to want them to have the best. During an assassination attempt on Nasser’s life at a rally in Alexandria during the celebration of the British withdrawal from the Suez Canal, Nasser proclaimed: “If Abdel Nasser dies… Each of you is Gamal Abdel Nasser… Gamal Abdel Nasser is of you and from you and he is willing to sacrifice his life for the nation.” Moubarak today should learn from the past… like Dr. Zahi Hawass (world-renowned director of Egyptian Antiquities) said in a recent interview to BBC: “What will stay here after many years is Egypt… People will die, but Egypt will stay!” Moubarak should thus ask: “What would I be remembered by: those past few days of protests, or the love for my country?” If his answer is the second one, then he knows that he needs to pack his bags, and uphold Egypt’s liberty!

Check out the video below. To learn more about Nasser, click on Wikipedia, the Official Website of Nasser with speeches, pictures and documents, June 9 speech. I am probably missing many… if you find other good websites, feel free to send them to me.

Gamal Abdel Nasser Video