Carte des pays de la zone CFA
African countries continue to pay colonial tax to France 50 years after their independence. This system is an abomination destined to keep African countries poor forever! Here are some excerpts from the article by Mawuna R. Koutonin. For the full article, go to France Colonial Tax , and do not forget to check out the article I wrote a while back on the Franc CFA: slave currency! Also, please read the book by Pr. Nicolas Agbohou on the subject: ‘Le Franc CFA et l’Euro contre l’Afrique.’
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Did you know that many African countries continue to pay colonial tax to France since their independence till today?
Sekou Toure, Cover Time Magazine, Feb. 16, 1959
Sékou Touré of Guinea decided in 1958 to get out of french colonial empire, and opted for the country’s independence, the french colonial elite in Paris got so furious, and in a historic act of fury the french administration in Guinea destroyed everything in the country which represented what they called the benefits from french colonization. …
Slowly fear spread through the African elite, and none after the Guinea events ever found the courage to follow the example of Sékou Touré, whose slogan was “We prefer freedom in poverty to opulence in slavery.”
[…] In March 2008, former French President Jacques Chirac said: “Without Africa, France will slide down into the rank of a third [world] power.”
Chirac’s predecessor François Mitterand already prophesied in 1957 that: “Without Africa, France will have no history in the 21st century”
At this very moment I’m writing this article, 14 african countries are obliged by France, trough a colonial pact, to put 85% of their foreign reserve into France central bank under French minister of Finance control. Until now, [2017], Togo and about 13 other african countries still have to pay colonial debt to France. African leaders who refuse are killed or victim of a coup. Those who obey are supported and rewarded by France with lavish lifestyle while their people endure extreme poverty, and desperation.
It’s such an evil system even denounced by the European Union, but France is not ready to move from that colonial system which puts about 500 billions dollars from Africa to its treasury year in year out.
[…] Below are the 11 main components of the Colonisation continuation pact since 1950s:
#1. Colonial Debt for the benefits of France colonization
The newly “independent” countries should pay for the infrastructure built by France in the country during colonization. …
1000 Fcfa_BEAO
#2. Automatic confiscation of national reserves
The African countries should deposit their national monetary reserves into France Central bank.
France has been holding the national reserves of fourteen African countries since 1961: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.
“The monetary policy governing such a diverse aggregation of countries is … operated by the French Treasury, without reference to the central fiscal authorities of any of the WAEMU or the CEMAC. Under the terms of the agreement which set up these banks and the CFA the Central Bank of each African country is obliged to keep at least 65% of its foreign exchange reserves in an “operations account” held at the French Treasury, as well as another 20% to cover financial liabilities.
The CFA central banks also impose a cap on credit extended to each member country equivalent to 20% of that country’s public revenue in the preceding year. Even though the BEAC and the BCEAO have an overdraft facility with the French Treasury, the drawdowns on those overdraft facilities are subject to the consent of the French Treasury. The final say is that of the French Treasury which has invested the foreign reserves of the African countries in its own name on the Paris Bourse.
In short, more than 80% of the foreign reserves of these African countries are deposited in the “operations accounts” controlled by the French Treasury. …” Wrote Dr. Gary K. Busch.
10,000FCFA (BEAC-1992)
It’s now estimated that France is holding close to $500 billions African countries money in its treasury, and would do anything to fight anyone who want to shed a light on this dark side of the old empire.
The African countries don’t have access to that money.
France allows them to access only 15% of the money in any given year. If they need more than that, they have to borrow the extra money from their own 65% from the French Treasury at commercial rates.
To make things more tragic, France impose a cap on the amount of money the countries could borrow from the reserve. The cap is fixed at 20% of their public revenue in the preceding year. If the countries need to borrow more than 20% of their own money, France has a veto. …
#3. Right of first refusal on any raw or natural resource discovered in the country
France has the first right to buy any natural resources found in the land of its ex-colonies. It’s only after France would say, “I’m not interested”, that the African countries are allowed to seek other partners.
#4. Priority to French interests and companies in public procurement and public biding
In the award of government contracts, French companies must be considered first, and only after that these countries could look elsewhere. It doesn’t matter if the african countries can obtain better value for money elsewhere. …
As a consequence, in many of the french ex-colonies, all the majors economical assets of the countries are in the hand of french expatriates. …
French military bases in Africa (Source: Olivier Berger, SiliconAfrica.com)
#5. Exclusive right to supply military equipment and Train the country military officers
Through a sophisticated scheme of scholarships, grants, and “Defense Agreements” attached to the Colonial Pact, the Africans should send their senior military officers for training in France or French ran-training facilities. …
… France has trained hundreds, even thousands of traitors and nourish them. They are dormant when they are not needed, and activated when needed for a coup or any other purpose!
#6. Right for France to pre-deploy troops and intervene military in the country to defend its interests
Under something called “Defense Agreements” attached to the Colonial Pact, France had the legal right to intervene militarily in the African countries, and also to station troops permanently in bases and military facilities in those countries, run entirely by the French….
#7. Obligation to make French the official language of the country and the language for education
Oui, Monsieur. Vous devez parlez français, la langue de Molière! …
1000 FCFA (BCEAO)
#8. Obligation to use France colonial money FCFA
That’s the real milk cow for France, but it’s such an evil system even denounced by the European Union, but France is not ready to move from that colonial system which puts about 500 billions dollars from Africa to its treasury.
#9. Obligation to send France annual balance and reserve report.
Without the report, no money. …
#10. Renunciation to enter into military alliance with any other country unless authorized by France
… In the case France ex-colonies, France forbid them to seek other military alliance except the one it offered them.
#11. Obligation to ally with France in situation of war or global crisis
Over one million africans soldiers fought for the defeat of nazism and fascism during the second world war.
Their contribution is often ignored or minimized, but when you think that it took only 6 weeks for Germany to defeat France in 1940, France knows that Africans could be useful for fighting for la “Grandeur de la France” in the future.
Map of Haiti
There is something almost psychopathic in the relation of France with Africa.
France is severely addicted to looting and exploitation of Africa since the time of slavery. …
It’s up to us as African to free ourselves, without asking for permission, …
For historical comparison, France made Haiti to pay the modern equivalent of $21 billion from 1804 till 1947 (almost one century and half) for the losses caused to french slave traders by the abolition of slavery and the liberation of the Haitian slaves.
[…] via The 11 Components of the French Colonial Tax in Africa — African Heritage […]
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By: The 11 Components of the French Colonial Tax in Africa — African Heritage – Oddmind Rupert on May 1, 2017
at 6:10 am
That is an outrageous situation. Time to make a change.
Leslie
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By: swo8 on May 1, 2017
at 9:34 am
Amen to that Leslie! I totally agree with you!
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By: Dr. Y. on May 1, 2017
at 5:06 pm
Time to take a stand on that.
Leslie
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By: swo8 on May 2, 2017
at 6:25 am
Absolutely Leslie. That is why I support the work of Pr. Nicolas Agbohou, who has done an outstanding work denouncing the FCFA, and mobilizing people around Africa.
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By: Dr. Y. on May 2, 2017
at 11:57 am
It’s certainly worth fighting for.
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By: swo8 on May 2, 2017
at 12:50 pm
Como um pais tam miseravel pupricamente deixa um bando de amofadias tomaren conta dos seus comodis e riquesas e quando acabar vam faser oque
E desce geito que esse embecil do macrom quer faser com o nosso solo brasileiro esses franceses indiotas que venham aqui vai ser aco cambada de ratos bando de samgue sugas
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By: Marco antonio pires da silva on September 11, 2019
at 1:51 am
Eu conquisto
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By: Dr. Y. on September 14, 2019
at 2:04 pm
[…] https://afrolegends.com/2017/05/01/the-11-components-of-the-french-colonial-tax-in-africa/ […]
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By: Colonialism Alive and Well, Better Say as Bad as Ever! Part 1 – Der Kolonialismus lebt und feiert fröhliche Urständ! Teil 1 | WiPoKuLi on May 27, 2017
at 12:48 pm
Hello. I am your distant cousin here in the US. Ive been doing some reading lately on this situation. This is eye opening. I was led to this website after looking up a simple statement from Jaque Chirac (I heard quoted by a female German/Angolan activist) about France would be a 3rd world country without Africa. I have a question: Are the people in this comment thread actually citizens of either of the 14 nations that are being extorted by France?
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By: Tyrone Henderson on September 8, 2017
at 2:33 pm
For the Cousin th the US maybe of interest:
My articles on the USA: https://wipokuli.wordpress.com/2014/02/13/list-of-my-articles-on-the-usa/
All the best for the New Year 2018!
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By: Schlüter on December 30, 2017
at 4:11 am
hi can I use your material in a You tube …
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By: lovemore on October 2, 2017
at 10:53 pm
Absolutely, just put the credits: Dr. Y., Afrolegends.com
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By: Dr. Y. on October 9, 2017
at 5:24 pm
Great post!
There´s a long struggle ahead!
„African Struggles in Perspective“: https://wipokuli.wordpress.com/2014/06/16/african-struggles-for-social-justice-freedom-and-democracy-in-perspective-reflected-in-a-series-of-articles/
All the best for the New Year 2018!
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By: Schlüter on December 30, 2017
at 4:08 am
Thanks for commenting Schluter. Happy New Year 2018, and keep up the great work!
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By: Dr. Y. on January 1, 2018
at 5:30 pm
A shame to africans francophones who remain timide .
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By: Declan on February 10, 2018
at 12:30 am
Where is the UN?
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By: J on February 13, 2018
at 1:48 am
Africa problem is African leaders, if we say no to
France they will not kill us, they make us to believe that they are helping us but they are actually stealing and exploiting our resources. We will never forgive them.
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By: Sekou Balloh on February 17, 2018
at 3:48 am
This is the most outragious thingI have read in the year.
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By: Samuel S. Pinkney on April 7, 2018
at 7:13 pm
Yes indeed!
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By: Dr. Y. on April 8, 2018
at 5:54 am
[…] This article originally apeared in AfroLegends […]
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By: The 11 Components of the French Colonial Tax in Africa – DefenseNigeria on June 13, 2018
at 9:35 am
How long is this ridiculous agreement suppose to last? The whole world needs to know about this.
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By: KK on June 14, 2018
at 11:51 pm
Very good point KK. I am not sure. I think it lasts until the African governments all together rebel against it. Unfortunately, the populations are against it, but the governments which are usually puppets of France remain silence, as they follow the orders of France. So the populations languish with such a horrible deal signed by traitors who do not do the population’s will.
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By: Dr. Y. on June 17, 2018
at 4:58 am
A country in bondage. This needs to end.
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By: DotM on July 15, 2018
at 6:27 am
This France’s dictatorship is not seen to be coming to end until the entire continent stand up on a synchronized movement of strikes and demonstrations shows to the face of the World these economical crimes.
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By: Abdoulaye Ba on July 4, 2019
at 4:32 pm
Well said Abdoulaye! It needs to be synchronized, and unified movements!
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By: Dr. Y. on July 7, 2019
at 3:02 pm
[…] The 11 Components of the French Colonial Tax in Africa […]
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By: The dark French- Africa connection: Part 1 – nankaslay on July 22, 2018
at 7:30 pm
WELL, France is a snake country, that with the help of UK and USA maintains colonial power of Africa – Pre Obama stood by DID ABSOLUTELY nothing to help Africa – fucking sellout..
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By: SpartcuaSpeaks on July 29, 2018
at 8:31 am
[…] Breakdown Of How France Extort The 14 African Nations https://afrolegends.com/2017/05/01/the-11-components-of-the-french-colonial-tax-in-africa/ […]
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By: France Extorts 14 African Nations With Colonial Tax Worth $500B A Year | LIVE – Black Consciousness | African American News | African American History | Black History on August 20, 2018
at 3:16 pm
they have killed more than 60 of our leaders who opposed them. France is evil. and I urge us Africans to fight with our blood. it’s a bloody battle but that’s preferable than the sufferings we encounter every day (poor medical facilities, poor roads, lack of adequate electricity, dirty and poor water supply, poor infastructures ,etc). 500 billion dollars from Africa every year is not small money.
AFRICA SHOULD STEP OUT OF FEAR AND FIGHT WHAT IS THEIRS. I HATE FRANCE WITH ALL MY SOUL
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By: Ayaba on September 13, 2018
at 2:58 pm
Yes Ayaba, 500 billion dollars every year is what is needed for Africa to get back on track… instead it goes into the pockets of France which has no need to work. The sweat and blood of our people has sustained France and Europe for too long. We need to also feed ourselves!
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By: Dr. Y. on September 14, 2018
at 12:08 am
France is the worst country in the EU. There are 7 genocide in the history of France. In Vendee, Syria, Haiti, Algeria, Vietnam, Morocco and Rwanda. It was not enough, France brought Africans into the EU and put them in the cages like animals. There were many shameful human zoo’s in France. But shameful human zoo;s all over the EU. France is a shameful country.
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By: Great White on October 2, 2018
at 11:33 am
As genocide places, you forgot Cameroon and Madagascar
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By: Dr. Y. on October 9, 2018
at 1:12 am
[…] führen. Zeit, sich mit dem kleinen Nick Sarkozy zu beschäftigen! Vor allem, wenn man weiß, dass Frankreichs Regime noch immer sehr gut von seinen afrikanischen Kolonien lebt. Seit deren ‚Unabhängigkeit‘ in den 60ern sind das so an die € 500 Mrd. per Jahr, […]
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By: 2018 – EIN BLICK ZURÜCK … | farsight3 on December 30, 2018
at 12:54 pm
Hey, I think he said 500 billion Benjamins not Macrons, being propped up by Africa’s wealth.
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By: Moss Malone on August 11, 2019
at 4:01 pm
But it is differred in England colonised country like our NIGERIA.
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By: umar yahaya on January 6, 2019
at 3:26 am
Taught about colonisation in Africa, no mention was made of this wanton extraction of wealth from financially deprived countries. West Africa contributed £25 million to the British War chest during WW1 and WW2. The painful thing is, while the war evacuees (in the UK) were attired in their Sunday best, most of the African children who donated to the £25m were dotted about the villages: with vines for belts, they trundled around the forests barefooted, searching for materials for their arts and crafts, the proceeds of which were sent to a country that can afford three square meals a day for her denizens.
Picture what Wikipedia says of Haiti regarding the injustice of slavery: ‘The external debt of Haiti is one of the main factors that has caused the country’s persistent poverty. After the slaves declared themselves free and the country independent in 1804, France, with the complicity of its allies, demanded that the newly formed country pay the French government and French slaveholders the modern equivalent of US$21 billion for the “theft” of the slaves’ own lives and the land that they had turned into profitable sugar and coffee-producing plantations.’ What a cheek!
Mention reparations for the brutality of slavery and their noses go out of joint. Let’s get this right: Africans taken into slavery were a free people AND NOT SLAVES when they were seized from their homelands and sent to foreign places. They were taken into slavery. So please, stop referring to them as slaves when talking about slavery.
Listen guys. Some impersonators might come here and post nasty things in my name. They are working for a group of people who abused my children (6 and 9 back then) 19 years ago. They track me wherever I go to discredit me. They even got the Council (Leeds City Council, West Yorkshire, UK) to evict me in 2014 despite paying my rent. Still can’t get legal representation to this very day. They have hacked into my bank, YouTube, Google, Facebook accounts.
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By: Moss Malone on August 11, 2019
at 6:12 pm
Happy new year!
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By: aquacompass7 on January 7, 2019
at 3:57 pm
Happy new year AquaCompass7. My best wishes to you for the new year… lots of joy, success, abundance, and health.
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By: Dr. Y. on January 7, 2019
at 5:15 pm
[…] you’re at it, ask her if she knows right now, that as we read, 14 African countries, including Togo are obliged to put 85% of their foreign reserve in a French central bank under the French Minister […]
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By: We Are One Human Race But Do White People Know That? – Who Told You on January 24, 2019
at 5:23 pm
but this is not true. the system is optional. and includes two countries who opted in that WEREN’T ever french colonies. This is FAKE news.
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By: Peter Holmes A Court on January 27, 2019
at 11:55 pm
Seriously Peter? It is optional? How come Olympio was assassinated for wanting to leave the FCFA? Where is Modibo Keita? and what about Gbagbo? Is he not at the Hague for wanting to print his own money?
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By: Dr. Y. on January 29, 2019
at 5:20 pm
Optional? What on earth would a so called first world economy ask a so called third world economy for money? Africa, the richest continent has been reduced to beggars status. Would you, Peter, ask a beggar for money? This is worst than a pimp. I suppose France is a Pimper’s Paradise. Well, don’t they love to smoke, sometime shiftin’ coke and laugh when there ain’t no joke? Now you are joking when no-one is laughing. You should be ashamed of yourself for saying it.
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By: Moss Malone on August 11, 2019
at 6:33 pm
[…] Source: https://afrolegends.com/2017/05/01/the-11-components-of-the-french-colonial-tax-in-africa […]
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By: The 11 Components of the French Colonial Tax in Africa - The Most Influential Contemporary African Diaspora Leaders on January 30, 2019
at 2:15 pm
Economic slavery
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By: Dodou Jome on February 3, 2019
at 3:48 am
AM READING THIS AND AM LIKE HELLO
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By: stella Emmanuel on March 1, 2019
at 12:40 am
Right????
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By: Dr. Y. on March 6, 2019
at 12:02 am
I heard about how predatory France was with it’s former colonies, but I didn’t realize it was this bad. It’s like a more educated sounding ransom list that just happened to get passed as a law. Good footnote about Haiti sicne that was easily an aftereffect of the Haitians daring to revolt against their colonizers with Toussaint L’Overture and his crew.
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By: ospreyshire on April 12, 2019
at 5:52 am
Slms.
Thanks for this, I had no idea that the strangle hold was so tight. We must pray to Allah and be patient for a way out.
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By: Qasmat on April 17, 2019
at 12:22 am
Amen… yes we should, and the strangle hold will break!
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By: Dr. Y. on April 22, 2019
at 4:48 pm
O império colonial francês continua na África. Um absurdo torna-se dos pobres para sustentar a opulência. Vergonha. Tem que acabar com isso.
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By: DEOCLIDES CARDOSO OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR deo on April 18, 2019
at 11:14 pm
Quer dizer que a França, enriquecendo com o dinheiro dos Africanos, e o Brasil, (que aqui não falta nada), mandando milhões e mais milhões para o Haiti, deve ser piada
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By: Backana on April 20, 2019
at 12:15 pm
Estou abismado com o potencial de safadesa
e canalhice do govrno francês que escravidão essas miseráveis colônias africanas. ONDE ESTÁ A ONU ?
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By: Tomás Marzullo on April 21, 2019
at 10:49 am
a ONU é parte do problema, porque ou não reage ou ajuda a França como na Costa do Marfim em 2011
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By: Dr. Y. on April 22, 2019
at 4:59 pm
Somente depois da conscientização e união do povo africano se poderá vislumbrar respeito e liberdade deste povo sofrido.
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By: Alberto on April 22, 2019
at 1:57 pm
Os this true till now???
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By: Cristina Migliavacca on April 23, 2019
at 8:34 am
of course it is!
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By: Dr. Y. on April 30, 2019
at 11:38 pm
[…] Benin, Mali, Senegal and other far flung places from the cold and grey metropolitan of France. https://afrolegends.com/2017/05/01/the-11-components-of-the-french-colonial-tax-in-africa/ Frantz Fanon, also known as Ibrahim Frantz Fanon, was a Caribbean French psychiatrist, political […]
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By: I’m Not Speaking in French Yet… Pourquoi? – The Sucking Salt Chronicles: My Life In The Sunshine on June 12, 2019
at 6:57 am
This is serious! We have to make ammendments. In which ever way we can, lets contribute our quota as individuals.
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By: Edith Boakye on July 12, 2019
at 1:47 pm
Yes indeed… this has to be erased forever, and African countries freed from the colonial rope!
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By: Dr. Y. on July 12, 2019
at 4:14 pm
Reblogged this on African Heritage and commented:
This is yet another favorite on the African Heritage blog. Please take a moment to reflect on this, particularly in view of the new West African money ECO which is trying to come to life. Now we applaud the idea of a common currency in West Africa, and in Africa as a whole… remember that this was Kwame N’Krumah’s dream
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By: Dr. Y. on August 16, 2019
at 12:29 am
[…] Breakdown Of How France Extort The 14 African Nations The 11 Components of the French Colonial Tax in Africa […]
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By: France Extorts 14 African Nations With Colonial Tax Worth $500B A Year | LIVE – Black Media Shout Out on August 25, 2019
at 2:16 am
et le “président” Macron tries to talk lies around “Amazon fires” !!!! he is a clown! False! He doesn´t win his own country! and people! and the yellows!
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By: PAULO M CARVALHO on August 29, 2019
at 3:39 am
Yes… right? Macron gives lessons to the world, yet in France he cannot deal with the yellow vest, and France’s international politics in Africa is total slavery!
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By: Dr. Y. on September 2, 2019
at 4:36 am
This is outrageous! What has France paid for occupation, slave trade and looting? What has France paid Africans for all their atrocities done on African during their occupation??
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By: Atia on October 17, 2019
at 11:37 am
Right… and when you think that Haiti had to pay $21 billion to France because they freed themselves from slavery… so the FCFA is certainly that sort of payment but applied to Africa, and a hundred times higher, because of all the wealth they get for free as well: uranium, diamonds, gold, etc.
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By: Dr. Y. on October 17, 2019
at 11:59 pm
Oh mother Africa your children are still living in worse situations than slavery. No wonder the French intervention in Ivory Coast and several other countries in Africa has been a continuation of this slavery. Africa arise and break these shackles of death and destruction on our people
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By: Stanley miringu on October 17, 2019
at 10:14 pm
Yes… ooo… Stanley, I join you in this cry to Africa: Arise and break these shackles of death and destruction
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By: Dr. Y. on October 18, 2019
at 12:00 am
[…] Sekou Toure of Guinea Conakry insisted for an independence from France and refused to sign a French post-colonial tax agreement that will let the country continue to pay colonial tax to France for a supposed benefits they […]
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By: Kwame Nkrumah: the Great Pan-Africanist who became President of Two African Countries | SandeKennedy ™ on November 1, 2019
at 9:58 am
This horrific system we the children Africa should stand up and put an end to this.there should a revolution by African youths in all there countries concern,to put an end .there are treating as slaves,we suffers while their children enjoy life in expense if our own children who die in the meditterian sea and are been moka upon.this had to stop and this will stp.
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By: Alfred Atanga mofor on November 6, 2019
at 3:18 pm
AMEN. This has to stop!
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By: Dr. Y. on November 10, 2019
at 4:12 pm
This is ridiculous. Africa let us rise. Until when?
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By: Nebert Mudimu on November 9, 2019
at 8:18 pm
Isn’t it? It makes me want to sing Bob Marley “How long shall they kill our prophets while we stand aside and look?”
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By: Dr. Y. on November 10, 2019
at 4:20 pm
The African Union is a let down. This is the biggest scandal on the continent and our leaders pretend that all is well. They are complicit in this matter. It is upto us to set things right by starting a movement to kick France out of Africa
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By: Mwiya Situmbeko on November 25, 2019
at 10:26 am
Yes Mwiya, I totally agree with you. Unfortunately, most of our leaders are puppets of the west, that’s why they act as if it is nothing, or some are afraid given that those who spoke against it in the past were killed (Sylvanus Olympio, …).
You should listen to Dr. Arikana Chihombori-Quao who used to be the AU’s ambassador to the United States, and all her efforts to shed light on the topic.
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By: Dr. Y. on December 11, 2019
at 1:29 am
No white country will kill our leaders again, we’ll will leave mark of war on that country.
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By: Comrd Effort Ndeesor on June 29, 2020
at 6:31 am
Name of Author please and sources would be appreciated
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By: TAMIKAH on November 28, 2019
at 3:49 am
It is stated in the article: Mawuna R. Koutonin
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By: Dr. Y. on December 11, 2019
at 1:30 am
The time is now…
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By: Agnetha on April 17, 2020
at 1:04 am
Yes Agnetha… the time is NOW!
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By: Dr. Y. on April 18, 2020
at 9:23 am
When would Africa stand against this injustice. One thing I know for sure is that we Africans must divice a way to bet out of this French jork, and the only way to do so is by Force.
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By: Mukee on April 22, 2020
at 10:12 am
Very good question Mukee…
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By: Dr. Y. on May 3, 2020
at 8:53 am
[…] Reading: African Heritage: The 11 Components of The French Colonial Tax in Africa South African History Online: The Berlin Conference […]
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By: The European Union vs French Colonial Taxes – Anthony Ewers – ME on June 9, 2020
at 5:35 am
I have decided to fight any white man country that is keeping my people in poorverty, enough is enough with france and other european, asian countries, no permission, we should bring up African currency to end all these mental slavery, enough is enough, we should come up with one african passport and have one embassy, they most apply before they come in period.
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By: Comrd Effort Ndeesor on June 29, 2020
at 6:29 am